Patients who have undergone valve repair procedures or bio prosthetic valve replacement for mitral or aortic valve disease may come for redo surgery 12-15 years after the first surgery. These patients become symptomatic because of degenerative process occurring in the bio prosthetic valves.

Redo valve surgery is also challenging because of the dense pericardial adhesions formed from the first surgery.

With advances in cardiac anaesthesia and peri operative imaging techniques, surgeons have become experts in tackling the challenges of redo cardiac surgery and many centres are performing these surgeries with good results.